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Biotechnology Nobel from 1954

“BioIndustry Facts” da Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News October 1, 2011. Pagina 27. (www.genegnews.com)

1954	Chemistry	Linus Pauling	Pauling was recognized for his research into the nature of chemical bonds. His work paved the way for the discovery of DNA’s complex structure by the next prize-winners on GEN’s list…
1962	Physiology on Medicine	F. Crick, J. Watson, M. Wilkins	These 3 men correctly identified the double helix structure of DNA after examining Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray photograph. They proved false Pauling’s proposal that DNA wa formed by a triple helix.
1968	Physiology on Medicine	R. Haley, Khorana, M. Nirenberg	These men won the prestigious award for their interpretation of the genetic code and its functions in protein sintesis.
1969	Physiology on Medicine	M. Delbruck, A. Hershey, S. Luria	The price was awarded jointly to these investigators for their research into the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
1975	Physiology on Medicine	D. Baltimore, R. Dulbecco, H. Temin	They received the award for shedding light on the interactions between tumor viruses and the genetic material of cells.
1978	Physiology on Medicine	W. Arber, D. Nathans, H. Smith	They discovered restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
1980	Chemistry	P. Berg, W. Gilbert, F. Sanger	The award was divided, with one half going to Berg for his studies on recombinant DNA, and the other half jointly to Gilbert and Sanger for developing a more efficient way to sequence DNA.
1984	Physiology on Medicine	N. Jeme, G. Kahler, C. Milstein	These scientists researched the immune system and invented a method to produce monoclonal antibodies.
1993	Physiology on Medicine	R. Roberts, P. Sharp	They took home the Nobel prize for their discovery of split genes.
1993	Chemistry	K. Mullis, M. Smith	The Nobel prize was split with half going to Mullis for inventing the PCR method. The other half was awarded to Smith for his contributions to oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenesis and its role in protein studies.
1994	Physiology on Medicine	A. Gilman, M. Rodbell	They discovered G-proteins and uncovered their role in signal transduction in cells.
1995	Physiology on Medicine	E. Lewis, C. Nusslein-Volhard, E. Wieschaus	These scientists conducted key research into genetic control of early embryonic development.
1997	Physiology on Medicine	S. Prusiner	He discovered prions. This was particularly important in light of Europe’s bovine spongiform encephalopathy – mad cow diseases – outbreak in the 1990s.
2002	Chemistry	J. Fenn, K. Tanaka, K. Wuthrich	Half of the award went to Fenn and Tanaka for developing soft desorption ionization methods for mass spec analyses of biological macromolecules. The other half went to Wuthrich for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the 3-D structure of biological macromolecules in solution.
2006	Chemistry	A. Fire, C. Mello	These two scientists were recognized with the Nobel prize for discovering RNA interference or gene silencing by double-stranded RNA.
2006	Physiology on Medicine	R. Kornberg	He received the award for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
2007	Physiology on Medicine	M. Capecchi, M. Evans, O. Smithies	These 3 scientists figured out how to introduce specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells.
2008	Chemistry	O. Shimomura, M. Chalfie, R. Tsien	These 3 scientists figured out how to introduce specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells.
2009	Chemistry	V. Ramakrishnan, T. Steitz, A. Yonath	They were recognized for the studies into the structure and function of ribosome. The study findings are particularly useful for pharma and biotech companies developing new antibiotics and target ribosomes.